Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Types
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to a broad category of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease, and other related conditions, which collectively represent the leading cause of death globally, with an estimated 17.9 million fatalities annually, accounting for 32% of all deaths worldwide.[2.1] A significant underlying mechanism in many CVDs is atherosclerosis, where plaque accumulates in arterial walls, narrowing the arteries and impeding blood flow, potentially leading to acute events such as heart attacks and _strokes.[4.1] The causes of cardiovascular disease can vary significantly depending on the specific type of condition, with contributing factors including genetic predispositions, lifestyle choices, and environmental influences. Notably, disparities in incidence and prevalence of CVD have been observed across different ethnic groups, with certain populations, such as African Americans, exhibiting higher rates of coronary disease compared to European Americans.[5.1]Prevalence and Impact
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, significantly impacting public health worldwide. Low levels of physical activity are recognized as a major independent predictor of poor cardiovascular health, contributing to an increased prevalence of risk factors that predispose individuals to the development of CVD.[18.1] Research indicates that regular aerobic exercise training yields numerous cardiovascular benefits, including improved blood pressure, lipid profiles, and overall heart function. The relationship between exercise and cardiovascular health is dose-dependent, with higher levels of exercise associated with greater cardiovascular benefits.[14.1] The effects of exercise on cardiovascular health have been substantiated through various studies, including those involving human subjects with post-myocardial infarction heart failure, which confirm the positive correlations between both aerobic and anaerobic exercises and improved cardiovascular outcomes.[15.1] Furthermore, exercise has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce arterial stiffness, which are critical factors in managing cardiovascular risk, particularly in populations with conditions such as type 2 diabetes.[16.1] Despite these benefits, evidence linking exercise to cardiovascular health through intermediate biomarkers remains inconsistent, highlighting the need for further research in this area.[17.1] Emerging technologies, such as mobile health applications and wearable fitness trackers, are playing an increasingly important role in promoting physical activity and adherence to exercise regimens among individuals at risk of cardiovascular disease. These technologies have the potential to lower the incidence of major adverse cardiac events, improve medication adherence, and enhance overall cardiac function.[25.1] Fitness trackers, in particular, have been shown to motivate patients towards healthier lifestyles by providing feedback and accountability, which can lead to increased physical activity and even weight loss.[28.1]In this section:
History
Key Discoveries in Cardiovascular Medicine
The history of cardiovascular medicine is marked by significant discoveries and advancements that have shaped the understanding and treatment of heart diseases. One of the earliest milestones can be traced back to ancient China, where Huang Ti, the Yellow Emperor, documented the continuous flow of blood in his work, the Nei Ching (Canon of Medicine), around 2698-2598 BCE, indicating an early understanding of circulatory concepts.[51.1] The evolution of cardiovascular medicine gained momentum in the 17th century with William Harvey's publication of "De Motu Cordis" in 1628, which detailed the circulation of blood and the function of the heart. This foundational work inspired subsequent generations of physicians to explore the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and improve diagnostic and treatment methodologies.[48.1] Throughout the 20th century, numerous breakthroughs occurred, including the development of the first artificial cardiac pacemaker by Dr. Albert Hyman in 1931, which stimulated the heart through a transthoracic needle.[52.1] The first successful human heart surgery, which involved the closure of a congenital heart defect, was performed in 1938 by surgeon Robert E..[52.1] The Framingham Heart Study, initiated in 1948, was pivotal in identifying risk factors for heart disease, such as cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity, fundamentally altering the approach to cardiovascular health.[49.1] In recent years, advancements in biomedical engineering have introduced innovative solutions such as bioresorbable stents, which address limitations of traditional metallic stents by providing temporary vessel support and complete biodegradability.[54.1] These developments represent a significant shift in interventional cardiology, aiming to reduce complications associated with long-term stent use.[54.1] Moreover, the integration of intelligent biomaterials and wearable technologies has transformed cardiovascular health monitoring and management. Recent innovations in polymeric biomaterials and real-time health monitoring systems have enhanced diagnostic capabilities and patient outcomes.[59.1] Wearable devices, such as smartwatches and activity trackers, allow for continuous health monitoring, providing clinicians with comprehensive data that surpasses traditional sporadic assessments.[60.1] These key discoveries and advancements in cardiovascular medicine reflect a continuous effort to improve heart health and patient outcomes, laying the groundwork for future innovations in the field.[50.1]Evolution of Treatment Approaches
In ancient civilizations, the understanding of cardiovascular disease was deeply intertwined with cultural beliefs and misconceptions about the heart's role in human health. For instance, the Olmecs and Mayans, two of the earliest major civilizations in the Americas, practiced heart sacrifices, believing that humans were created to nourish and sustain the gods, which reflects their perception of the heart's significance beyond mere physicality.[63.1] In Mesopotamian culture, the term "libbu," often associated with emotional states, suggests that the heart was viewed as central to both emotional and physical health. This indicates that while the liver was also considered important in their medical practices, the heart held a significant role in diagnostic and therapeutic contexts.[64.1] Similarly, the ancient Egyptians regarded the heart as the seat of emotions, intellect, and character, believing it recorded the moral quality of a person's life, which influenced their burial practices and the importance of the heart in the afterlife.[65.1] Greek philosopher Aristotle further contributed to the misconceptions surrounding cardiovascular health by asserting that the heart, rather than the brain, was the primary organ governing both physical and mental functions. He posited that the heart was the first organ to develop and the last to cease functioning, thus linking it to consciousness, memory, and emotional balance.[66.1] In contrast, Chinese medical theory viewed the mind as embodied within the heart, suggesting that it governed not only bodily functions but also thoughts and feelings, further complicating the understanding of cardiovascular health in ancient times.[66.1] These early beliefs shaped treatment approaches, often focusing on emotional and spiritual well-being rather than purely physical interventions. The intertwining of emotional states with heart health in various cultures indicates that ancient treatment methods were likely holistic, addressing both the physical and metaphysical aspects of health.Recent Advancements
Technological Innovations
Recent advancements in cardiovascular disease management have been significantly shaped by technological innovations, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI) and CRISPR technologies. AI has revolutionized cardiovascular practice by enhancing diagnostic capabilities and treatment strategies. For example, AI algorithms applied to echocardiograms (ECGs) can process complex data, improving the diagnosis of conditions such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation.[109.1] These tools facilitate early detection and continuous monitoring of patients, allowing for real-time assessments of cardiovascular health.[127.1] Machine learning (ML) techniques have further advanced the management of cardiovascular diseases by handling multidimensional data for risk prediction and therapeutic decision-making. A notable study demonstrated the efficacy of ML modeling on whole genome transcriptomic data for diagnosing clinical cardiomyopathy, highlighting AI's potential to enhance outcome prediction and treatment strategies.[126.1] Additionally, AI has been used to analyze ECG data from patients with stroke risk factors, successfully identifying those at high risk for adverse outcomes, thus providing substantial prognostic information.[107.1] CRISPR technology has also made significant strides in treating cardiovascular diseases. This gene-editing tool offers the potential to develop novel therapies, marking a substantial advancement in cardiovascular basic science research.[105.1] The application of CRISPR in cardiovascular contexts represents a frontier in therapeutic innovation, aiming to address the underlying genetic factors contributing to various heart conditions.New Medications and Therapies
Recent advancements in cardiovascular disease treatment have prominently featured the development of new medications and therapies that significantly improve patient outcomes. Among these, anti-obesity medications such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have emerged as critical players, demonstrating substantial cardiovascular benefits. These medications have been shown to reduce major cardiovascular events by up to 20% in patients with existing heart conditions, contributing to an overall 5-year survival rate of 84% among carefully selected patients.[82.1] The integration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) into treatment protocols has been particularly noteworthy. These agents not only facilitate weight loss but also improve cardiometabolic biomarkers, thereby reducing the risk of obesity-related complications.[96.1] In clinical settings, semaglutide has been approved specifically to lower the risk of major cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction.[98.1] Similarly, tirzepatide, which acts as a dual receptor agonist, has shown promising results in reducing the risk of heart failure through its unique mechanism of action.[101.1] Furthermore, the American Heart Association has highlighted the importance of these advancements, noting that the emergence of anti-obesity medications with cardiovascular outcomes benefits allows for a deeper understanding of their impact on patients with baseline cardiovascular conditions.[94.1] Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that these medications do not increase the risk of serious adverse events, making them a safe option for managing obesity and its associated cardiovascular risks.[97.1] In addition to pharmacological advancements, new technologies have been developed to restore blood flow to blocked or narrowed arteries less invasively, further enhancing treatment options for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases.[85.1] Overall, these innovations represent a significant shift in the management of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing the importance of addressing obesity as a modifiable risk factor and improving patient care through targeted therapies.In this section:
Risk Factors
Behavioral and Lifestyle Factors
Behavioral and lifestyle factors play a significant role in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Key modifiable risk factors include unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. A systematic review has shown that dietary patterns characterized by higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and seafood, alongside lower intakes of red and processed meats and sugar-sweetened foods, are associated with a decreased risk of CVD.[135.1] Furthermore, vegetarian dietary patterns have been found to reduce CVD mortality and the risk of coronary heart disease by 40%, highlighting the importance of plant-based diets in both prevention and treatment of heart-related conditions.[136.1] Physical activity is another critical behavioral factor influencing cardiovascular health. Regular exercise has been shown to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality, with the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines recommending at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week for adults.[140.1] This level of physical activity is associated with significant health improvements and can help mitigate other risk factors such as obesity and hypertension. Smoking remains one of the most detrimental lifestyle choices, significantly increasing the risk of CVD. Cigarette smoking, along with high cholesterol levels and hypertension, are among the primary risk factors identified for heart disease.[131.1] Additionally, work-related stress can also contribute to cardiovascular risk, emphasizing the need for comprehensive lifestyle management strategies that address both physical and psychological well-being.[129.1]Genetic and Environmental Influences
Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Non-modifiable risk factors, such as family history and age, can substantially influence an individual's susceptibility to heart disease. For instance, having a family history of heart disease increases the risk of CVD, particularly when there are multiple affected first-degree relatives or when the onset of heart disease occurs at a younger age, such as before 50 years old. The Framingham study indicated that individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) have a 44% increased risk of CVD mortality after 16 years of follow-up.[163.1] Age is another critical non-modifiable risk factor, with the risk of heart disease escalating as individuals grow older, particularly for those over the age of 55.[162.1] This age-related risk is compounded by genetic predispositions, as individuals with family members who have conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol may also face elevated risks for CVD.[164.1] While these genetic and age-related factors are beyond an individual's control, they interact with modifiable risk factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management. Individuals with a family history of heart disease are encouraged to adopt healthier lifestyle choices to mitigate their risk. For example, lifestyle modifications, including improved diet and increased physical activity, can significantly reduce the likelihood of developing coronary artery disease, even for those with a genetic predisposition.[164.1] Thus, understanding the interplay between genetic and environmental influences is crucial for developing personalized prevention strategies for cardiovascular disease.In this section:
Prevention Strategies
Lifestyle Changes
Lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A comprehensive approach that includes dietary changes, physical activity, smoking cessation, and stress management can significantly reduce the risk of developing heart-related conditions. Adopting a heart-healthy diet is fundamental in preventing CVD. This diet should be rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while minimizing the intake of red and processed meats, refined carbohydrates, added sugars, and sodium.[176.1] Specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean or DASH diet, have been shown to be particularly effective in lowering cardiovascular risk.[176.1] Foods like broccoli, lentils, and chia seeds are highlighted for their beneficial properties; for instance, broccoli contains sulforaphane, which activates protective proteins in the body, while lentils provide folate that helps break down homocysteine, an amino acid linked to arterial damage.[173.1] Regular physical activity is another essential component of lifestyle changes aimed at reducing CVD risk. Engaging in at least 30 to 60 minutes of moderate exercise daily can significantly lower the likelihood of heart disease.[176.1] Furthermore, smoking cessation is emphasized as one of the most effective interventions for primary prevention of CVD, with all guidelines recommending this change.[174.1] In addition to diet and exercise, managing stress and ensuring adequate sleep are vital for cardiovascular health. Chronic stress and lack of sleep can contribute to conditions such as high blood pressure and obesity, which are risk factors for heart disease.[176.1] Therefore, implementing healthy habits that encompass these aspects can lead to improved cardiovascular well-being and a reduced risk of CVD.Public Health Initiatives
Public health initiatives aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) focus on addressing the social determinants of health and engaging communities to reduce risk factors. Research indicates that socioeconomic status (SES) significantly influences cardiovascular health, with disparities in income, education, and access to healthcare contributing to higher rates of CVD among lower SES populations.[184.1] For instance, a study led by Salma Abdalla highlights that the top 20% of high-income, college-educated Americans experience significantly lower rates of cardiovascular disease compared to the rest of the population, underscoring the widening health divide.[182.1] To combat these disparities, public health strategies have been developed that engage community health workers to provide culturally appropriate education and support. These initiatives aim to connect individuals with necessary health services, such as blood pressure screenings, and to offer informal counseling.[197.1] The American Heart Association has also created a comprehensive guide that outlines evidence-based goals and strategies for CVD and stroke prevention at the community level, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions.[198.1] Furthermore, elucidating the socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of CVD preventive care services can inform future interventions designed to improve access to healthcare and enhance cardiovascular outcomes for individuals with lower SES.[181.1] By focusing on the intricate interplay of social factors and health disparities, these initiatives seek to empower underserved populations to take proactive steps in preventing cardiovascular disease.[185.1]In this section:
Global Burden
Statistics and Trends
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a significant global health challenge, with statistics indicating a troubling upward trend in both prevalence and mortality. According to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report, global death counts due to CVD increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 19.8 million in 2022, reflecting the impacts of population growth, aging, and preventable risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, dietary risks, and air pollution.[212.1] In 2021, CVD accounted for approximately 20.5 million deaths, representing nearly one-third of all global deaths, a notable increase from the 12.1 million deaths recorded in 1990.[213.1] The prevalence of CVD has also shown a concerning rise. In 2021, there were an estimated 612 million cases of CVD worldwide, which constituted 26.8% of all deaths.[218.1] The age-standardized prevalence rate of CVD increased from 0.88% to 7179 cases per 100,000 individuals between 1990 and 2021, while mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates fell by 34.3% and 33.0%, respectively.[218.1] This indicates that while mortality rates have improved, the overall burden of CVD remains high. Demographic factors significantly influence the prevalence of CVD globally. Studies have shown that the burden of CVD varies by age and gender, with certain populations experiencing higher rates of disease.[220.1] The GBD study analyzed trends in CVD prevalence across 204 countries and territories, stratifying data by sociodemographic index (SDI) categories and age groups, which can inform targeted public health interventions.[217.1]In this section:
Future Directions
Research Priorities
Recent advancements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) research have underscored the critical role of genetics in the pathogenesis of these conditions, revealing both monogenic and polygenic mechanisms that present viable targets for gene therapies. This evolving landscape highlights the potential for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at rectifying pathogenic variants, thereby addressing unmet medical needs and improving patient outcomes in CVD management.[253.1] The integration of omics technologies—encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—has revolutionized cardiovascular research by enabling high-throughput analysis of biological systems at multiple molecular levels. These technologies are pivotal in advancing precision medicine, as they facilitate a deeper understanding of the complex pathophysiology of CVD.[260.1] However, the clinical adoption of these omics approaches faces significant challenges, including the need for robust data infrastructure, computational tools, and ethical considerations.[262.1] Moreover, the American Heart Association emphasizes the importance of continued investment in cardiovascular research, which has historically led to significant reductions in mortality rates associated with CVD. Despite these advancements, recent trends indicate a reversal in the decline of CVD prevalence, necessitating renewed focus on innovative therapies and preventive strategies.[254.1] Emerging therapies, such as advanced pharmacological treatments, biological therapies, and personalized medicine, are being explored to transform cardiovascular care. These include novel agents like PCSK9 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, as well as gene therapy and stem cell therapy, which hold promise for altering the course of CVD.[253.1] Additionally, wearable devices have gained traction as a means to enhance the detection and management of cardiovascular conditions. Their integration into clinical practice is still in its infancy, but they offer significant potential for lifestyle modifications, arrhythmia screening, and overall cardiovascular health monitoring.[266.1] As the field progresses, the combination of these innovative technologies and therapeutic strategies will be crucial in shaping the future of cardiovascular disease management.Policy Implications
The American Heart Association (AHA) has provided guidance for state health departments to develop effective cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and control programs. This includes recommendations for sustainable funding and the establishment of dedicated CVD prevention activities within state health departments. The AHA emphasizes the importance of assessing current CVD prevention efforts to enhance their effectiveness and reach.[255.1] Additionally, the Healthy People Initiative, which has been a cornerstone of national health promotion since 1979, outlines a comprehensive prevention agenda that includes specific health goals and measurable objectives aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease incidence. The current iteration, Healthy People 2020, identifies nationwide health improvement priorities that can inform state-level policies and initiatives.[256.1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) supports various programs through its Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, which aim to help millions of Americans manage risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. These programs are particularly focused on counseling women about their cardiovascular risks and connecting them to lifestyle programs and community resources.[257.1] State initiatives are also addressing disparities in cardiovascular health outcomes among different populations, including rural communities and racial minorities. By tackling socioeconomic and geographic barriers to care, these initiatives aim to improve access to preventive services and health education, thereby enhancing overall cardiovascular health.[258.1]References
[2] Cardiovascular diseases - World Health Organization (WHO) — Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. CVDs are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels and include coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, rheumatic heart disease and other conditions. ... Overview Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the
[4] Cardiovascular Disease: Types, Causes & Symptoms - Cleveland Clinic — Giving Careers Search ClevelandClinic.org Find A Doctor Locations & Directions Patients & Visitors Health Library Institutes & Departments Appointments Home/ Health Library/ Diseases & Conditions/ Cardiovascular Disease Advertisement Advertisement Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) affect your heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and in the U.S. The causes of cardiovascular disease can vary depending on the specific type. Treatment plans can vary depending on your symptoms and the type of cardiovascular disease you have.
[5] Cardiovascular Disease: An Introduction - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-89315-0_1 Vasculopathy corresponds to any disease affecting the blood vessels that can be caused by degenerative, metabolic (e.g., diabetic vasculopathy), and inflammatory disorders in addition to thromboembolic maladies. Sex differences in incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality from CVD, which include sex-specific disorders and sex-dependent symptom presentation and evolution of pathophysiological processes common to both genders (e.g., hypertension and atherosclerosis), represent a source of health disparity . According to the American Heart Association and National Institute of Health, 40% of African American men and women have a coronary disease (versus 30 and 24% of European-American men and women, respectively) due to genetic differences between ethnic groups rather than by life conditions and diet. doi: 10.3109/02841850903463646. doi: 10.1007/s10439-017-1821-9. doi: 10.1155/2013/784789. doi: 10.1177/0300060513478091.
[14] The Acquisition of Cardiovascular Adaptation to Aerobic Exercise: When ... — Research has consistently shown that regular aerobic (or endurance) exercise training (ET) has numerous CV benefits, including improved blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, and overall heart function. 5 The relationship between exercise and CV health is dose-dependent; higher ET levels are associated with greater CV benefits. Individuals who engage in moderate- to high-intensity exercise
[15] Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular ... — Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system - PMC Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) defines aerobic exercise as any activity that uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously and is rhythmic in nature. The effect of aerobic exercise were confirmed in human subjects when Wisløff et al published another study five years later, which incorporated human subjects with post-MI heart failure. Both aerobic and anaerobic exercises have unique and collective positive correlations towards improved CV health.
[16] Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise - PMC — Thus, in this review, we provide a synopsis of the major known effects of exercise and physical activity on principal factors associated with risk for poor cardiovascular health including blood lipids, hypertension, and arterial stiffness. Studies in animal models of exercise suggest that increased physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and endothelium (46–49), which are major contributors to systemic insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, in addition to NO-mediated reductions in resistance vascular tone, adaptive reductions in sympathetic nerve activity, prevention or reversal of arterial stiffening, and suppression of inflammation are also likely contributors to the blood pressure lowering effects of exercise, although the impact of exercise on these outcomes may be population specific (e.g., at-risk versus healthy adults) (72–74).
[17] Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and ... — BackgroundGuidelines recommend exercise for cardiovascular health, although evidence from trials linking exercise to cardiovascular health through intermediate biomarkers remains inconsistent. We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials to quantify the impact of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and a variety of conventional and novel cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults
[18] Exercise and cardiovascular health: A state-of-the-art review — Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, and low levels of physical activity (PA) is a leading independent predictor of poor CV health and associated with an increased prevalence of risk factors that predispose to CVD development. In this review, we evaluate the benefits of exercise on CV health.
[25] Effectiveness of mobile health applications on clinical outcomes and ... — Mobile health apps have the potential to lower the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), readmission rates, and blood lipids in patients with CHD. They can also help enhance cardiac function, promote medication adherence, and alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression. To further corr …
[28] Wearable Fitness Trackers and Heart Disease - PMC - National Center for ... — Physical inactivity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Fitness trackers may help motivate patients towards a healthier lifestyle by providing feedback, tracking and accountability to maintain regular exercise. Previous studies suggest that fitness trackers do increase physical activity and may even encourage weight loss
[48] Coronary Heart Disease: From Mummies to 21st Century - PMC — Coronary Heart Disease: From Mummies to 21st Century - PMC This article will review how the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease was viewed from ancient times to the present day. The diagnosis and treatment of CAD underwent many milestones since the publication of William Harvey's De Motu Cordis in 1628 wherein he described the circulation and the function of the heart. These milestones stimulated physicians in successive centuries to explore and put forth theories on the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease, and in the process, made discoveries on how to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment. The study found that, in patients with multivessel coronary disease, CABG leads to an unequivocal reduction in long-term mortality and myocardial infarctions and to reductions in repeat revascularizations, regardless of whether patients are diabetic or not.
[49] The Decline and Rise of Coronary Heart Disease: Understanding Public ... — CORONARY HEART DISEASE (CHD) took a devastating toll on the United States in the 20th century, killing more people than any other disease. It remains the leading cause of death in most countries worldwide. In the United States, the epidemic peaked in the mid-1960s and has now fallen 60% from its zenith.
[50] Evolution of Cardiology: Key Milestones and Contributors — These milestones represent the collective efforts of researchers, clinicians, and innovators dedicated to advancing our understanding and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. As cardiology continues to evolve, these achievements serve as a foundation for further progress in improving heart health and patient outcomes.
[51] 13.1: Historical timeline - BCE-1852 - Medicine LibreTexts — Milestones in knowledge of heart and vascular disorders Palaeolithic era (Spain): Oldest anatomical drawing in El Pindal cave of a mammoth with a dark smudge at the shoulder, which is thought to represent the heart. 2698-2598 BCE (China): Huang Ti, the Yellow Emperor, was thousands of years ahead of his time in writing in Nei Ching (Canon of Medicine): "The blood current flows continuously
[52] Historical timeline: 1852-1967 - Textbook of Cardiology — 1931 USA First artificial cardiac pacemaker, which stimulated the heart by transthoracic needle, developed by Dr Albert Hyman. 1938 USA First human heart surgery, first surgical correction of a congenital heart defect: closure of patent ductus arteriosus performed by surgeon Robert E. 1947 USA First defibrillation of human heart during cardiac surgery, by Claude Beck in Cleveland. 1960 Framingham, USA Cigarette smoking found to increase the risk of heart disease. 1961 USA Framingham Heart Study investigators coined the term "risk factors" for the development of coronary heart disease. 1965 USA Michael DeBakey and Adrian Kantrowitz implanted mechanical devices to help a diseased heart. 1967 Framingham, USA Physical inactivity and obesity found to increase the risk of heart disease.
[54] Bioresorbable stents: Current and upcoming ... - ScienceDirect — Bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS) represent a novel horizon in interventional cardiology for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The technology was introduced to overcome limitations of current metallic drug-eluting stents such as late in-stent restenosis and permanently caging the vessel.
[59] Emerging intelligent wearable devices for cardiovascular health monitoring — This review summarizes essential indicators for assessing cardiovascular health and provides a comprehensive introduction to commonly used non-invasive monitoring methods, including pulse pressure, photoplethysmography, electrocardiogram, bioimpedance analysis, seismocardiography/ ballistocardiography, and ultrasonography. Additionally, some impressive advances in wearable cardiovascular health monitoring technologies are reviewed and their integration with AI is highlighted, demonstrating typical application cases from recent years. The advent of the Internet of Medical Things powered by intelligent wearable devices represents a transformative approach to the monitoring and management of CVDs. By facilitating prevention, continuous monitoring, and comprehensive management, it holds the promise of significantly reducing both the incidence and mortality rates of CVDs. This review first examines key metrics used in clinical settings for cardiovascular health monitoring, covering both cardiac and vascular perspectives.
[60] A Comprehensive Review on Advancements in Wearable Technologies ... — With their potential to refine diagnosis, optimize management, and ultimately enhance patient outcomes, these devices underscore the imperative of integrating wearable technologies into the clinical landscape to better cardiovascular healthcare delivery . Integrating wearable device data directly with electronic health records or practice management software amplifies the accessibility and usability of collected data for healthcare professionals, streamlining the process of informed decision-making and patient care . These devices empower individuals to monitor their health proactively and enable healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions by integrating wearable data into clinical workflows to optimize patient care . Additionally, exploring the applications of wearable devices in remote monitoring, personalized health insights, and disease management can yield significant advancements in cardiovascular care . Wearable technology: advancing healthcare through enhanced patient adherence to monitoring devices.
[63] The Ancient Heart: What the Heart Meant to Our Ancestors — Across the ocean, archaeological evidence suggests heart sacrifices were taking place in the first major civilizations in the Americas, the Olmecs (1200 BCE) and Mayans (1000 BCE). They believed humans were created to nourish and sustain gods. ... Was heart disease prevalent in ancient cultures? Pharaoh Merenptah, who died at 70 years of age in
[64] Cardiocentrism in ancient medicines - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — The fact that also liver and kidneys were connected to emotions might indicate that, when Mesopotamians used the term libbu in relationship to an emotional state, they intended exactly the heart, and not generally the “interior” of the body. To sum up, even if the liver might have had a prominent role in Mesopotamian medicine and religion, the analysis of the term libbu, of diagnostic and therapeutic texts specifically dedicated to the heart, demonstrates that also that organ had an important role. In Vedic medicine (northern Indian subcontinent, ca 1500–600 BCE), the function of breathing seems to be connected to the health of the heart, preluding yoga techniques which would have developed in India centuries later .
[65] The Heart as a "Balance" in Everyday and After Life: — The deceased heart must provide confirmation to these claims, as the ancient Egyptians believed that the heart—as the seat of the emotions, the intellect, and the character—would record the good or bad aspects of a person's life. 5, 13 The pivotal importance attributed by Egyptians to this step can also be found in the archaeological
[66] The heart - its ancient cultural and medical significance in the east ... — Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that the heart – and not the brain – controlled the body, insisting it was the first organ to come to life and the last to die. This means that the heart not only dominates the physical blood circulation of blood, but also guides our consciousness and mental clarity, memory and intellect, and emotional balance – all fundamental to our well-being. In this sense, the heart is truly the center of each of us as human beings – the link between the (mind) brain and the (physical) body. Instead, Chinese medical theory argues that the so-called mind (as it is known in English) is “embodied” within the heart, “ruling” not only the body, but also our thoughts, feelings and awareness.
[82] Breakthrough Heart Treatments of 2025- A New Era in Cardiology - GlobalRPH — Home > Blog > Cardiology > Breakthrough Heart Treatments of 2025- A New Era in Cardiology Anti-obesity medications such as semaglutide and tirzepatide have shown impressive results, reducing major cardiovascular events by up to 20% in patients with existing heart conditions. Hence, these criteria have improved treatment outcomes, as demonstrated by an 84% overall 5-year survival rate among carefully selected patients. Key breakthroughs include anti-obesity drugs showing significant cardiovascular benefits, AI-powered early detection systems, CRISPR gene therapy targeting heart disease, and new treatments for cardiac amyloidosis. Clinical trials have shown promising results, with a single dose achieving significant reductions in TTR protein levels and improvements in patient mobility and cardiac function. Breakthrough Heart Treatments of 2025- A New Era in Cardiology March 3, 2025
[85] New technologies and medications that can prevent, reduce CVD top 2023 ... — New technologies and medications that can prevent, reduce CVD top 2023 scientific research DALLAS, Dec. 19, 2023 — Technologies that less invasively restore blood flow to blocked or narrowed arteries; a medicine that outsmarts high blood pressure’s development; and new evidence that diabetes drugs may offer heart health benefits to people that don’t have diabetes are among the news-making scientific research developments in the fight against heart disease and stroke that emerged in 2023. “Every year, we compile an overview of scientific research that advances our understanding of how to prevent, treat and manage heart disease and stroke. Whether the science points to new ways to treat long-known health conditions, disparities in care or how to prevent some of our most pressing problems, such as high blood pressure, diabetes or obesity, the findings help people, health care professionals, policymakers and others make better informed health care decisions,” said Mariell Jessup, M.D., FAHA, chief science and medical officer of the American Heart Association.
[94] Anti-Obesity Medications in Patients With Heart Failure: Current ... — The emergence of anti-obesity medications with cardiovascular outcomes benefits, principally glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, has made it possible to study the impact of anti-obesity medications for patients with baseline cardiovascular conditions, including HF.
[96] The association between weight loss medications and cardiovascular ... — Obesity is an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Newly approved antiobesity medications (AOMs) have been shown to be an effective way to manage obesity. They not only improve weight loss but also reduce the risk of obesity-related complications [].
[97] Safety and effects of anti-obesity medications on weight loss ... — No medication increased the risk of serious adverse events. Interpretation: For weight reduction, tirzepatide is the top choice, followed by semaglutide. Considering cardiometabolic risk factors, tirzepatide shows the best blood pressure- and glucose-lowering benefits, while semaglutide and liraglutide reduce the risk of MACEs.
[98] Full article: Semaglutide 2.4 mg long-term clinical outcomes in ... — To evaluate the effectiveness of semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight reduction and improvement in cardiometabolic biomarkers at 52 and 68 weeks in a real-world setting in the United States. ... Semaglutide 2.4 mg is also approved to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events such as cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or
[101] The Cardiovascular Effect of Tirzepatide: A Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and ... — INTRODUCTION Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide composed of 39 amino acids, which functions as a dual receptor agonist (RA) binding both the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors and this unique mechanism of action resulted in the nickname "twincretin."
[105] CRISPR and cardiovascular diseases - Oxford Academic — CRISPR editing to treat cardiovascular diseases has arrived, highlighting the tremendous progress that has taken place in the field over the past decade. This review discusses the foundational CRISPR technologies (Table 1) and how they are impacting cardiovascular basic science research and the development of novel therapies. Because CRISPR is
[107] Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular diseases: diagnostic and ... — recruited 1003 patients with stroke risk factors but normal sinus-rhythm ECG and divided patients into high-risk or low-risk groups by applying AI algorithm to their ECGs. All participants were then given an ambulatory heart rhythm monitor to detect AF for 30 days. In the internal and external database, AI-ECG performed well at detecting right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVSD) with an AUC of 0.84 and detecting patients with LVEF ≤ 40% with an AUC of 0.94, suggesting that the DL model can extract biventricular function information from ECG. Even within the large subset of patients (n = 45,285) with ECGs interpreted as ‘normal’ by a physician, the performance of the model in predicting 1 year mortality remained high (AUC = 0.85), indicating that AI can add substantial prognostic information to the interpretation of ECG.
[109] Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular diseases: diagnostic and ... — AI techniques have shown the potential to accelerate the progression of diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease and so on. ... for example, echocardiogram (ECG) processed by AI algorithms are currently
[126] Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Era of Artificial ... — Early detection of cardiovascular events may lower the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction and reduce death rates in people with CVDs. Traditional data analysis is inadequate for managing multidimensional data related to the risk prediction of CVDs, heart attacks, medical image interpretations, therapeutic decision-making, and disease prognosis due to the complex pathological mechanisms and multiple factors involved. The first study demonstrating the efficacy of ML modeling on whole genome transcriptomic data for clinical cardiomyopathy diagnosis was carried out by Alimadadi et al. AI has the ability to assess data from many imaging modalities and complex medical diagnoses in order to develop algorithms that may enhance prenatal diagnosis, adult disease therapy, and outcome prediction [130-134]. 57.Current state of artificial intelligence-based algorithms for hospital admission prediction in patients with heart failure: a scoping review.
[127] Combating the Silent Killer: Leveraging AI to Predict and Prevent ... — Early detection of cardiovascular diseases is crucial for effective management, as timely intervention can significantly reduce the risk of severe complications, such as heart attacks and strokes. AI-driven tools enable healthcare providers to monitor patients continuously, allowing for real-time assessment of cardiovascular health.
[129] Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease - Ada — Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease | Ada Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Risk factors for cardiovascular disease are particular habits, behaviors, circumstances or conditions that increase a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease, including lack of exercise, unhealthy eating, smoking, diabetes, age and family history. A family history of high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol and type 2 diabetes can also increase one’s chances of developing these conditions, which can in turn increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Having diabetes, a condition that causes high levels of glucose in the blood is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. A: Risk factors for heart disease and other cardiovascular disease include: “Work Stress as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease.” September, 2015.
[131] Cardiovascular disease - Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment | Britannica — Cardiovascular disease - Risk Factors, Prevention, Treatment: Three main risk factors have been identified: cigarette smoking, a high level of cholesterol in the blood (hypercholesterolemia), and high blood pressure (hypertension). Important as these risk factors are, they are found only in about one-half of those who experience heart attacks. The proportion of persons with any or all of these
[135] Dietary Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A ... - PubMed — Dietary Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review [Internet] NCBI Bookshelf The 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee conducted a systematic evidence scan and confirmed that the conclusion drawn by the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee generally reflects the current state of science: Strong and consistent evidence demonstrates that dietary patterns associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease are characterized by higher consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and seafood, and lower consumption of red and processed meat, and lower intakes of refined grains, and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages relative to less healthy patterns. One-hundred ninety articles were identified that met inclusion criteria and examined the relationship between dietary patterns and/or diets based on macronutrient proportion and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Dietary Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review [Internet] NCBI Bookshelf
[136] Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease — Vegetarian dietary patterns reduce CVD mortality and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) by 40%. Plant-based diets are the only dietary pattern to have shown reversal of CHD. Additionally, evidence suggests benefits of vegetarian dietary patterns in both the prevention and the treatment of heart failure and cerebrovascular disease.
[140] Exercise at the Extremes: The Amount of Exercise to Reduce ... — Introduction. Habitual physical activity and exercise training reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality .The 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report recommended 150 min/week of moderate-intensity or 75 min/week of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise for all U.S. adults , because this exercise volume provides significant health improvements for most people
[162] Modifiable and Non-modifiable risks of cardiac disease — Non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease. There are a number of risk factors that we are born with or cannot control. They are: Having a family history of heart disease. Having preeclampsia during pregnancy. Age over 55. Risk of heart disease increases with age. The older you are, the higher the risk.
[163] Genetics in Cardiovascular Disease - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading global cause of mortality. Known risks to its development are lifestyle choices, age, sex, and inherited genetic variants. Genetics can influence the risk for heart disease. A family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) modifies future risk of CVD depending on the number and age of affected first-degree relatives. After 16 years of a follow-up study, the Framingham study also found that a family history of premature CAD (age <50 years) conferred a 44% increased risk of CVD mortality. It is likely that people with a family history of heart disease share common environments and other factors that may increase the risk of CVD.
[164] Understanding genetic risk for heart disease - UChicago Medicine — You can also have an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease if you have family members with diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol, which can have genetic predisposition. It’s perfectly reasonable to want to see a cardiologist if you have a family history of heart disease, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. Screening can detect if you have high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – frequently known as “bad cholesterol” – and if lifestyle modifications (such as improving diet and exercise) or starting a statin or lipid-lowering medication might be necessary to help significantly reduce and delay your risk of developing coronary artery disease. If you know you have a family member with heart disease, heart blockages, high cholesterol or high blood pressure, you should be vigilant about reducing your other risks.
[173] 20+ Foods that Boost Cardiovascular Health - Michigan Vascular Center — Lentils are also a natural source of folate, which supports heart health through the breakdown of an amino acid called homocysteine. Homocysteine can harm the inner lining of our arteries, elevating the risks of heart attacks and strokes. Chia Seeds. Chia seeds boost heart health and contain omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants.
[174] Comparative Effectiveness of Personalized Lifestyle Management ... — This study reports the comparative effectiveness of several forms of lifestyle modifications and found smoking cessation and yoga to be the most effective forms of cardiovascular disease prevention. Future research should focus on patient adherence to personalized therapies, cost‐effectiveness of these strategies, and the potential for
[176] Impact of Lifestyle Modifications on Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative ... — Keywords: cardiovascular disease, stress, healthy heart diet, physical activity, lifestyle modifications, cardiovascular health Dietary approaches: The American Heart Association (AHA) has recommended dietary approaches for cardiovascular health, including the combination of a heart-healthy diet (such as the Mediterranean or DASH diet) with reduced sodium intake, limited added sugars, and avoidance of trans fats. Obesity is a significant risk factor for CVDs, and losing excess weight or preventing weight gain through physical activity reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular conditions such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes . Implementing healthy habits, such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, smoking cessation, stress management, and adequate sleep, can significantly reduce the risk of CVDs and improve overall cardiovascular well-being.
[181] Income disparity and utilization of cardiovascular preventive care ... — Elucidating socioeconomic disparities in the utilization of CVD preventive care services may aid in the future development of interventions to decrease disparities in access to health care and improve cardiovascular outcomes for people with lower SES. 2. Methods 2.1. Data source and study design
[182] Study: Income, education gaps fuel widening heart disease disparities ... — A study in the Lancet Regional Health — Americas reveals a widening U.S. heart health divide, with wealthier, college-educated individuals facing lower heart disease risks March 11, 2025 11:23
[184] Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes: — Socioeconomic status (SES) has a measurable and significant effect on cardiovascular health. Biological, behavioral, and psychosocial risk factors prevalent in disadvantaged individuals accentuate the link between SES and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Four measures have been consistently associated with CVD in high-income countries: income level, educational attainment, employment status, and
[185] Social determinants of health and its impact on cardiovascular disease ... — Social determinants of health and its impact on cardiovascular disease in underserved populations: A critical review - ScienceDirect Social determinants of health and its impact on cardiovascular disease in underserved populations: A critical review The authors of this review article highlights SDOH and its implications on cardiovascular health and disease in underserved communities while acknowledging a few limitations. The authors of this review article summarize social factors and health disparities affecting cardiovascular health and highlight the intricate interplay between several SDOH associated with the development of CVD.
[197] A Community-Wide Collaboration to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk ... — The clinical component involves activating primary care providers around management of CVD risk factors; community activities include community health workers conducting blood pressure screenings and a local heart disease prevention campaign. The Sonoma County Department of Health Services provides backbone support for HSC, and the It’s Up to Us community engagement work is backboned by the Center for Well-Being with funding from United Way. The Department of Health Services provides approximately 20 to 30 hours per week or 75% of a full-time position to coordinate HSC associated meetings. The evaluation of HSC includes 1) documenting clinical care improvement efforts around CVD and the impact those changes have had on CVD outcomes; 2) capturing diverse community engagement efforts and their impact; and 3) working to understand the factors associated with the success of the collaborative, including challenges and lessons learned. Facebook Twitter Instagram LinkedIn Youtube Pinterest Snapchat
[198] The Conceptual Framework for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention at the ... — The goal of this American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level (AHA Community Guide) is to provide a comprehensive inventory of evidence-based goals, strategies, and recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke prevention that can be implemented on a community level.
[212] Feature | New Study Reveals Latest Data on Global Burden of ... — Implications For Management of Atherosclerotic Bifurcation Carotid Disease
[213] PDF — 1 WORLD HEART REPORT 2023 CONFRONTING THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE KILLER WORLD HEART REPORT 2023 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is an official publication of the World Heart Federation (WHF). 3 CONFRONTING THE WORLD’S NUMBER ONE KILLER More than half a billion people around the world continue to be affected by cardiovascular diseases, which accounted for 20.5 million deaths in 20211 – close to a third of all deaths globally and an overall increase on the estimated 121 million CVD deaths. In 2021, 20.5 million people died from a cardiovascular condition², a figure that accounted for around one-third of all global deaths and was a significant increase from the 12.1 million CVD deaths recorded in 1990. However, a closer look at the data reveals this progress is uneven and beginning to stall. This first-ever World Heart Report is aimed at equipping policymakers and advocates around the world with the information needed to help reduce CVD deaths and accelerate progress in cardiovascular health.
[217] Sociodemographic index-age differences in the global prevalence of ... — This study aims to assess the global burden and trends in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) prevalence, stratified by sociodemographic index (SDI) categories and age groups, across 204 countries and territories. Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, this study analyzed trends in the age-standardized prevalence rate of overall and type-specific CVDs, including rheumatic
[218] Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and its Risk Factors, 1990 ... — In 2021, there were 612 million cases of CVD globally, accounting for 26.8% of all deaths. From 1990 to 2021, the global age-standardized prevalence rate of CVD rose by 0.88% to 7179 cases per 100 000 individuals, while mortality and DALY rates fell by 34.3% and 33.0% to 235 and 5056 cases per 100 000 individuals, respectively.
[220] Global prevalence of cardiovascular diseases by gender and age during ... — Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the global, gender, and age-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden during 2010-2019. Not only the global trend in the prevalence of CVDs was studied but also whether there was a statistically significant difference between genders and ages during 2010-2019.
[253] Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Cardiovascular Diseases — Emerging therapies hold the promise of addressing unmet medical needs, improving patient outcomes, and potentially altering the course of CVDs. These innovative approaches include advanced pharmacological treatments, biological therapies, cutting-edge medical devices, and personalized medicine. The primary objective of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging therapeutic strategies in the treatment of CVDs. By examining the latest advancements in pharmacology, biological therapies, medical devices, and personalized medicine, this review aims to highlight the potential these innovations have in transforming cardiovascular care. Keywords included "cardiovascular diseases," "innovative therapies," "PCSK9 inhibitors," "SGLT2 inhibitors," "gene therapy," "stem cell therapy," "RNA-based treatments," "medical devices," "wearable technology," and "personalized medicine." Studies were selected based on their relevance to emerging CVD therapies, focusing on randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses.
[254] AHA names biggest advances in cardiovascular research for 2024 — As a leading funder in heart- and stroke-related research, the American Heart Association compiles an annual review of significant scientific advances in the fight against cardiovascular disease, which claims more than 850,000 lives in the U.S. each year and is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Cardiovascular diseases – including coronary heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and stroke – are the most common causes of death in the U.S. After decades of reducing CVD and stroke-associated death and disease, that trend has reversed course and prevalence has begun rising again in recent years. It calculates 10- and 30-year total cardiovascular disease risk using heart, kidney and metabolic health measures such as cholesterol, blood pressure, blood glucose, weight and age.
[255] PDF — State Cardiovascular Health Programs: The panel advised AHA on developing this guide for state health departments and CVD prevention and activities for state CVD prevention and control programs, and suggestions for sustainable funding for CVD prevention and For state health departments to effectively implement key activities, all states should have a dedicated CVD prevention and Key Activities for a State CVD Prevention and Control Program: Finally, this guide suggests a process through which state departments of health can assess current CVD prevention and control Key Activities for a State Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control Program ................................................ Key Activities for a State Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control Program Available at: http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/diabetes- The American Heart Association’s Workplace Walking Program Kit. Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/HealthyLiving/
[256] Progress Toward Improved Cardiovascular Health in the United States: — The Healthy People Initiative has served as the leading disease prevention and health promotion roadmap for the nation since its inception in 1979. Healthy People 2020 (HP2020), the initiative's current iteration, sets a national prevention agenda with health goals and objectives by identifying nationwide health improvement priorities and providing measurable objectives and targets from 2010
[257] About the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention — About the Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention | National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) | CDC CDC's Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP) supports programs that help millions of Americans control their high blood pressure and reduce other risk factors for heart disease and stroke, the first and fifth leading causes of death in the United States. Women are counseled about their risk of heart disease and stroke and referred to lifestyle programs and other community resources that can help them control their blood pressure, eat a healthier diet, be physically active, and quit smoking.
[258] State Actions to Improve Cardiovascular Health - National Conference of ... — This brief discusses state efforts to improve cardiovascular health by addressing risk factors such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol, as well as socioeconomic and geographic barriers to care. Cardiovascular health outcomes can vary among different populations, including rural communities, racial minorities, and pregnant women. State initiatives and policies seek to increase access
[260] Integrative Omics Approaches in Cardiovascular Disease Research ... — Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating a deeper understanding of its complex pathophysiology. Omics technologies—genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—have revolutionised cardiovascular (CV) research, enabling high-throughput analysis of biological systems at multiple molecular levels. These tools are advancing precision
[262] Integrative Omics Approaches in Cardiovascular Disease Research ... — Omics technologies are transforming CV research by revealing molecular mechanisms of heart disease. Integrating genetic, transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolic data enhances diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. To maximise clinical impact, investment in data infrastructure, computational tools, and ethics is crucial.
[266] Use of Wearable Devices in Individuals With or at Risk for ... — Wearable devices are increasingly being identified as a strategy to improve the detection and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1,2 Moreover, the availability and use of wearable devices has increased over the past decade, especially for health monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3-5 These devices, commonly including fitness